^nglish Literature 



PR 1848 
.P6 
Copy 1 



WILLIAM CAXTQN 



B\ 



ALFRED WILLIAM POLLARD 



PHILADELPHIA 



I. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 



190 



English Literature 



WILLIAM CAXTON 



BY 



ALFRED WILLIAM POLLARD 



PHILADELPHIA 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 

1901 






The" LIBRARY OF 
©ONGRESS, 

Two Comes Received 

NOV, iB 1901 

Copyright entry 

/ljutX/t- ff9t 
CLASS a^XXa No. 

COF 



Copyright, 1901 
By J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 



WILLIAM CAXTON 



The manuscript of the Morte U Arthur has dis- 
appeared, and the book is thus the first English 
classic for which we are dependent on a printed 
text, Caxton's edition, printed in 1485, being itself 
so rare that only two copies of it are known, while 
one of these is imperfect. When Caxton published 
it he himself had been engaged in printing for 
about ten years, and the art' had been invented for 
rather over thirty. 

Even in the days of manuscripts books had been 
manufactured for the English market in Flanders 
and the north of France, and as early as about 
1475 a Breviary for English use had been printed 
at Cologne. By an Act of Richard III. special 
facilities were granted for the importation of books 
from abroad, and while one Sarum missal was 
printed at Basel and others at Venice, numbers of 
English service-books came from Paris or Rouen, 
and the Latin grammars for use in English schools 
were mostly printed in France and the Low 
Countries. Other books cannot be ear-marked 
in the same way, but the presses of Venice, Paris, 
Basel, and Cologne supplied the learned books 
needed by English scholars with sufficient com- 
pleteness to deter any English printer from trying 
to rival them. William Caxton, who set up his 
press at Westminster in 1476, though a man of 
real literary taste, was not himself a scholar, 
and had quite another class of customers in view. 
Born in the Weald of Kent probably soon after 
1420, he had been apprenticed in 1438 to a 
London mercer, and some time before 1453 had 
started in business at Bruges. Here in 1462 he 

3 



was appointed by Edward IV. to the responsible 
post of Governor of the English Merchants, and 
continued in this office for some seven or eight 
years, at the end of which he entered the ser- 
vice of the Duchess Margaret (sister of Edward 
IV.), who had married Charles the Bold in 
1468. In March 1469 he began to translate 
Raoul Le Fevre's Recueil des Histoires de Troye, 
but then laid it on one side till March 1471, when, 
at the command of the Duchess, he resumed his 
work and carried it to a completion in the following 
September. When the book was finished, Caxton 
was besieged with commissions for copies of it, and 
as the readiest means of satisfying them turned to 
the new art of printing. Having watched an edition 
of the De Proprietatibus Rerum through the press 
at Cologne, ' himself to advance ' in the rudiments 
of the craft, he associated himself with a Bruges 
calligrapher, Colard Mansion, and at Bruges the 
two in partnership printed seven books, Caxton's 
Recuyell of the Histories of Troy and its French 
original, Caxton's The Game and Playe of the 
Chesse (a translation from Jehan de Vignay's 
French version of the Ludus Scacchorum Moral- 
izatus by Jacopus de Cessolis), Le Fevre's Les Fats 
et prouesses du noble et vaillant chevalier fason, 
Caxton's English rendering of this, and two French 
devotional treatises. The translation of the Chess- 
book was finished 31st March 1475, and all these 
books were probably printed in 1475-76. But in 
September 1475 Charles the Bold had begun the 
unlucky campaigns which two years later ended 
in his death, and even without the inducement of a 
quieter market which England thus offered, Caxton 
had good reason to wish to ply his double craft 
of printing and translating in his native land. At 
Michaelmas 1476 he rented from the Dean and 
Chapter a shop in the Sanctuary at Westminster 
for ten shillings a year, and in 1477 produced the 
first book printed on English soil, The Dictes and 
Sayengis of the Philosophres, translated by Earl 



Rivers, the king's brother-in-law, and edited by 
himself. 

This is not the place to follow Caxton minutely 
through the ceaseless activity of the next fourteen 
years, during which he printed upwards of eighty 
books, or upwards of a hundred including new 
editions. What we have to remember is that 
as he took up the craft in order to multiply 
copies of his first translation, so the work of 
translation continued his own main employment. 
Both as translator and editor-publisher his atten- 
tion was divided fairly equally between imagina- 
tive literature and books of popular edification 
and devotion. Of romances he translated and 
printed, besides the Recuyell and the Jason, 
those of Godfrey of Boloyne, Paris and Vienne, 
Blanchardyti and Eglanlyne, The Four Sons 
of Aymon, and Charles the Great — all from the 
French. His renderings of the story of the ^Eneid 
and of the fables of AZsop were also made from 
French versions, that of the former bearing very 
little resemblance to Virgil's poem ; for Reynard 
the Fox he had recourse to the Dutch. In 
poetry he was a whole-hearted admirer of 
Chaucer, printing two editions of the Ca?iterbury 
Tales, also the Parlement of Foules (under the 
title of the Temple of Brass), Anelyda and Fals 
Arcyte, the Book of Fame, and Troylus and 
Cressida, besides the prose version of Boethius. 
He printed also Gower's Confessio A?nantis, and 
some seven poems by Lydgate. In history, at the 
instance of Hugh Bryce, a fellow-mercer, he trans- 
lated from the French and printed a compilation 
called The Mirrour of the World, and he also 
edited and continued Higden's Polychronicon in 
Trevisa's version, and a popular fourteenth-fifteenth 
century compilation, known from its opening words 
as the Chronicle of Brut, to which he gave the 
title the Chro?iicler of England. In religious litera- 
ture his most notable undertaking was the transla- 
tion of the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine, 



from the French version of Jehan de Vignay ; but 
he also translated a Life of St Winifred and a 
Doctrinal of Sapience, was engaged at the time 
of his death on a translation of the Lives of the 
Fathers, and under the title of the Royal Book 
made a fresh version of the Sonnne des Vices et 
des Vertues of Frere Lourens, which had already 
entered into English literature in the Ayenbyt of 
Inwyt. Nor did he neglect edifying books of other 
kinds, translating and printing, besides The Ga?ne 
and Playe of the Chesse, the Fayts of Anns and of 
Chivalry of Cristine de Pisan, Alain Chartier's 
Curial, the Knight of the Tour (for the better 
education of girls), and a Book of Good Manners. 
Lord Rivers supplied him with the translation of 
The Dictes and Sayengis of the Philosophres (of 
which an earlier English rendering already existed), 
and of the Moral Proverbs of Cristine de Pisan, 
and the Earl of Worcester with that of Cicero, De 
Amicitia, the version of the De Senectute being 
probably by Sir John Fastolfe. Caxton printed 
also a book of Statutes of Henry VII., a Latin 
speech made by John Russell, Bishop of Lincoln, 
at the investiture of Charles the Bold as Knight 
of the Garter, some diplomatic correspondence 
between the Pope and the Venetian Republic 
relative to a war about Ferrara, a few books for 
teaching children morals and manners, several 
devotional treatises, some of the smaller service 
books, and some indulgences. But the total bulk 
of all these is but small compared with that of 
the books which Caxton himself translated or 
edited. He had a shrewd eye for the class of 
books which the nobles of the court and the 
rich city merchants cared to read and buy, and 
he produced them, year after year, mainly by 
his own literary diligence. Working, as he must 
have done, always under pressure, and with no 
French or Latin dictionaries to help him, his 
translations are often slipshod and full of errors ; 
but they have a homely and straightforward 



style, and the prefaces and epilogues show 
that Caxton was an excellent critic, and had a 
pleasant humour of his own. As a specimen of 
his style we may take first his own account of 
his edition of The Dictes and Sayengis of the 
Philosophres, the first book printed on English 
soil : 

Here endeth the book named the dictes, or sayengis, 
of the philosophres, enprynted by me, William Caxton, 
at Westmestre, the yere of our lord M.CCCC.Lxxvij. 
Whiche book is late translated out of Frenshe into 
Englyssh, by the noble and puissant lord, Lord Antone, 
Erie of Ryvyers, Lord of Scales and of the He of Wyght, 
defendour and directour of the siege apostolique for our 
holy Fader the Pope in this Royame [realm] of Eng- 
lond, and Governour of my lord Prynce of Wales. 
And it is so, that at suche tyme as he had accom- 
plysshid this sayd werke, it liked him to sende it to 
me in certayn quayers [quires] to oversee, whiche, 
forthwith, I sawe, and fonde therin many grete, 
notable, and wyse sayengis of the philosophres, acord- 
yng unto the bookes made in Frenshe, whiche I had 
ofte afore redd. But, certaynly, I had seen none in 
Englissh til that tyme. And so, afterward, I cam 
unto my sayd lord and told him how I had red and 
seen his book, and that he had don a meritory dede in 
the labour of the translacion therof into our Englissh 
tunge, wherin he had deservid a singuler lawde and 
thank, &c. Thenne my sayd lord desired me to over- 
see it and where as I sholde fynde faute to correcte 
it ; wherein I answerd unto his lordship that I coude 
not amende it, but if I sholde so presume, I might 
apaire it, for it was right wel and connyngly made 
and translated into right good and fayr Englyssh. 
Notwithstondyng, he willed me to oversee it, and 
shewid me dyverce thinges, whiche as him semed, 
myght be left out, as diverce lettres missives sent from 
Alisander to Darius and Aristotle, and eche to other, 
whiche lettres were lityl appertinent unto [the] dictes 
and sayenges aforsayd, forasmuch as they specifye of 
other maters. And also desired me, that don, to put 
the sayd booke in enprinte. And thus obeying hys 
request and comaundement, I have put me in devoyr 



to oversee this hys sayd book, and beholden, as nyghe 
as I coude, ho we it accordeth wyth the origynal, beyng 
in Frensh. And I fynde nothyng dyscordaunt therin, 
sauf [save] onely in the dyctes and sayengys of Socrates, 
wherin I fynde that my saide lord hath left out certayn 
and dyverce conclusions towchyng women. Wherof I 
mervaylle that my sayd lord hath not wreton them, ne 
what hath mevyd [moved] hym so to do, ne what 
cause he hadde at that tyme. But I suppose that 
som fayr lady hath desired hym to leve it out of his 
booke. Or ellys he was amerous on somme noble 
lady, for whos love he wold not sette yt in his book ; or 
ellys, for the very affeccyon, love and goodwylle that 
he hath unto alle ladyes and gentyl women, he thought 
that Socrates spared the sothe and wrote of women more 
than trouthe, whyche I cannot think that so trewe a 
man and so noble a phylosophre as Socrates was, 
shold wryte otherwyse than trouthe. For, if he had 
made fawte in wryting of women, he ought not, ne 
shold not be belevyd in hys other dyctes and sayinges. 
But I apperceyve that my sayd lord knoweth veryly that 
suche defautes ben not had, ne founden, in the women 
born and dwellyng in these partyes ne regyons of the 
world. Socrates was a Greke, born in a ferre contre 
from hens, whyche contre is alle of othre condycions 
than thys is, and men and women of other nature than 
they ben here in this contre. For I wote wel, of what 
somever condicion women ben in Grece, the women of 
this contre be right good, wyse, playsant, humble, discrete, 
sobre, chast, obedient to their husbondis, trewe, secrete, 
stedfast, ever besy and never ydle, attemperat in speking 
and vertuous in alle their werkis, or at the leste sholde be 
soo. For whyche causes, so evydent, my sayd lord, as I 
suppose, thoughte it was not of necessite to sette in his 
book the saiengis of his auctor, Socrates, touchyng women. 
But, for as moche as I had comandment of my sayd lord 
to correcte and amende where as I sholde fynde fawte, 
and other fynde I none sauf that he hath left out these 
dictes and saynges of the women of Grece, therfore, in 
accomplisshing his comandement, for as moche as I am 
not in certayn wheder it was in my lordis copye or not, 
or ellis, peraventure, that the wynde had blown over the 
leef at the tyme of translacion of his booke, I purpose to 
wryte tho same saynges of that Greke Socrates whiche 



wrote of tho women of Grece and nothyng of them of this 
royame whom I suppose he never knewe. For, if he had, 
I dar plainly saye that he wold have reserved [excepted] 
them, in especiall, in his sayd dictes. Alway not pre- 
sumyng to putt and set them in my sayd lordes book, 
but in the ende, aparte, in the rehersayll of the werkis ; 
humbly requiring all them that shal rede this lytyl re- 
hersayll, that yf they fynde ony faulte, to arette [ascribe] 
it to Socrates and not to me, whiche wryteth as hereafter 
foloweth. 

There is a touch of Chaucer's sly humour in this 
passage which explains Caxton's enthusiasm for 
him ; and we shall not show the printer-editor 
at a disadvantage if as a second extract we 
take his ' Prohemye ' to the second edition 
of the Cafiterbury Tales. This is full, as usual, 
of generous praise of the great poet, and interest- 
ing also for the light it throws on the difficulties 
against which the early printers had to contend 
in their efforts to find the right books to print 
from : 

Grete thankes, lawde and honour ought to be gyven 
unto the clerkes, poetes, and historiographs, that have 
wreton many noble bokes of wysedom, of the lyves, 
passions, and myracles of holy sayntes, of hystoryes, of 
noble and famouse actes, and faittes [deeds], and of the 
cronycles sith the begynnyng of the creacion of the 
world, unto thys present tyme, by whyche we ben dayly 
enformed, and have knowleche of many thynges, of 
whom we shold not have knowen yf they had not left 
to us theyr monumentis wreton. Emong whom and in 
especial to-fore alle other we ought to gyve a singuler 
laude unto that noble and grete philosopher Gefferey 
Chaucer, the which for his ornate wrytyng in our tongue 
maye well have the name of a laureate poete. For 
to-fore that he by hys labour embelysshed, ornated, and 
made faire our Englisshe, in thys royame was had rude 
speech and incongrue, as yet it appiereth, by olde bookes, 
whyche at thys day ought not to have place ne be com- 
pared emong ne to hys beauteuous volumes and aournate 
[adorned] writynges, of whom he made many bokes and 
treatyces of many a noble historye as wel in metre as in 



ryme and prose, and them so craftyly made that he com- 
prehended hys maters in short, quyck, and hye sentences, 
eschewyng prolyxyte, castyng away the chaf of super- 
fiuyte, and shewyng the pyked grayn of sentence utteryd 
by crafty and sugred eloquence, of whom emong all other 
of hys bokes I purpose to emprynte by the grace of God 
the book of the Tales of Cauntyrburye, in whiche I finde 
many a noble hystorye of every astate and degre, Fyrst 
rehercyyng the condicions and the arraye of eche of them 
as properly as possyble is to be sayd, And after theyr 
tales, whyche ben of noblesse, wysedom, gentylesse, 
myrthe, and also of veray holynesse and vertue, wherin 
he fynyshyth thys sayd booke, whyche booke I have 
dylygently oversen and duly examyned to the ende that 
it be made acordyng unto his owen makyng. For I fynde 
many of the sayd bookes whyche wryters have abrydgyd 
it and many thynges left out. And in some place have 
sette certayn versys that he never made ne sette in hys 
booke, of whyche bookes so incorrecte was one brought 
to me vj yere passyd whyche I supposed had been veray 
true and correcte. And accordyng to the same I dyde do 
enprynte a certayn nombre of them, whyche anon were 
sold to many and dyverse gentylmen, of whom one 
gentylman cam to me and said that this book was not 
accordyng in many places unto the book that Gefferey 
Chaucer had made. To whom I answered that I had 
made it accordyng to my copye and by me was nothyng 
added ne mynusshyd. Thenne he sayd he knewe a book 
whyche hys fader had and moche lovyd, that was very 
trewe and accordyng unto hys owen first book by hym 
made, and sayd more, yf I wold enprynte it agayn he wold 
gete me the same book for a copye, how be it he wyst 
well that hys fader wold not gladly departe fro it. To 
whom I said, in caas that he coude gete me suche a book, 
trewe and correcte, that I wold ones endevoyre me to en- 
prynte it agayn for to satysfye the auctor, where as to- 
fore by ygnoraunce I erryd in hurtyng and dyffamying his 
book in diverce places, in settyng in some thynges that 
he never sayd ne made, and levyng out many thynges 
that he made whyche ben requysite to be sette in it. 
And thus we fyll at accord [came to an agreement]. And 
he ful gentylly [courteously] gate of hys fader the said 
book and delyverd it to me, by whiche I have corrected 
my book as here after alle alonge by the ayde of almyghty 



God shal folowe, whom I humbly beseche to gyve me grace 
and ayde to achyeve and accomplysshe to hys lawde, 
honour and glorye, and that alle ye that shal in thys book 
rede or heere wyll of your charyte emong your dedes of 
mercy remembre the sowle of the sayd Gefferey Chaucer, 
first auctour and maker of thys book. And also that 
alle we that shal see and rede therin may so take and 
understonde the good and vertuous tales, that it may so 
prouffyte unto the helthe of our sowles that after thys 
short and transitorye lyf we may come to everlastyng lyf 
in heven. Amen. 

Caxton's busy life came to an end in 1491, and 
his printing business was carried on by his fore- 
man, Jan Wynkyn de Worde — that is, of Werden 
in Lorraine. 

Other presses had by this time been estab- 
lished. In 1478 a Cologne printer named Theo- 
doric Rood started at Oxford, and there, by 
himself or in conjunction with an English book- 
seller, Thomas Hunte, printed a few text-books, 
of which fifteen have come down to us. Of these 
the latest is given a date equivalent to 19th March 
1487, and after this we hear of no more printing 
at Oxford till 15 17. In London, John of Lettou, or 
Lithuania, started a press in 1480, and was joined 
two years later by William de Machlinia — that 
is, of Mechlin. The partners seem to have been 
mainly law printers, but printed other books as well, 
though sometimes on commission. Their most 
notable publications, from a literary standpoint, 
are the Revelations of St Nicholas to a Monk of 
Evesha?7i, the Speculum Christia?ii (from which a 
few lines of verse have been quoted on page 80), and 
an edition of the Chronicles of England. Lettou 
disappears about 1484, but Machlinia continued 
printing till about 1491, Richard Pynson, a native 
of Normandy, being his successor. A translation 
by John Kay of a short description of the Siege of 
Rhodes, written in Latin by Gulielmus Caorsin, 
may have been printed by Machlinia, or by some 
one not known to us who had a similar but not 



L.ofC. 



identical fount of type. In 1479 or 1480 a school- 
master at St Albans started a press there, printing 
altogether eight books of which we know, in types 
of the same character as Caxton's, and in one 
instance certainly borrowed from him. Of the 
eight books six are scholastic treatises, the other 
two being the then very popular Chronicles of 
England and the treatise on hawking, hunting, 
and coat-armour commonly known as the Book 
of St Albans, and commonly ascribed to Dame 
Jnllana Berners. This ascription rests on the fact 
that one of the sections of the book, the metrical 
treatise on hunting, ends with the words, ' Explicit 
[Here ends] Dam Julyans Barnes in her boke of 
huntyng.' On the strength of these words the 
authorship of the whole book is popularly attri- 
buted to this otherwise unknown lady, Juliana 
Bernes or Berners, who is represented as being 
a daughter of Sir James Berners (executed in 
1388), and prioress of the nunnery of Sopwell, 
a dependency of the abbey of St Albans. As to 
this, we know that one prioress was elected in 
1426, and another superseded on account of old 
age in 1480, and it is possible that there was a 
gap between the two which Juliana Berners filled ; 
but we have no shred of evidence as to this, or as 
to any single fact about her, and if she was really 
the daughter of Sir James Berners, the dates do 
not fit in very happily. At the Bodleian Library 
there is a manuscript poem on the terms of the 
chase which is said to correspond closely to the 
poem ascribed to 'Dam Julyans Barnes' in the 
Book of St Alfrans, but as it is anonymous no 
conclusion can be drawn from it. Whatever the 
lady's connection with the ' Book of Huntyng, 3 
there is nothing to suggest that she wrote also 
the treatises on Hawking and Heraldry, and the 
probability seems to be that the three works were 
drawn from different sources and edited by the 
schoolmaster-printer. As for the 'Treatyse of 
Fishing with an Angle,' this does not appear 



13 

at all in the first edition, though a manuscript of 
another version of it (first printed in 1883), from 
the character of the handwriting, is judged to 
have been in existence before 1480. This treatise 
was first added to the work in Wynkyn de Worde's 
edition of 1496, with the obvious intention of 
completing it as a kind of 'Gentleman's Vade- 
Mecum.' Throughout the sixteenth century the 
book remained very popular, its different parts 
being frequently reprinted. But its popularity 
was that of a text-book rather than a work of 
literature, and it is to its attractive subject and 
the mystery that surrounds its authorship, rather 
than to any literary merit, that it owes its fame. 
Here is a typical extract from the ' Book of 
Hawking' : 

And if yowre hawke be harde pennyd [strongly 
feathered] she may be drawne to be reclaymed [pulled 
by a string to be taught to come back]. For all the 
while that she is tender pennyd, she is not habull to 
be reclaymed. And if she be a Goshawke or Tercell 
that shall be reclaymed ever fede hym [sic] with washe 
meete at the drawyng and at the reclaymyng, bot loke 
that hit be hoote, and in this maner washe it. Take the 
meet and go to the water and strike it upp and downe 
in the water, and wringe the waater owte and fede hir 
therwith and she be a brawncher [a hawk just able to 
leave its nest]. And if it bene an Eyesse [a hawk 
reared in captivity] thow most wash the meete clenner 
than ye doo to the brawncher, and with a linne [linen] 
cloth wipe it and fede hir, &c. 

The treatise on coat-armour offers rather more 
scope for the display of literary skill, and it is only 
fair to make some brief extracts from this also. 
Here is one on the origin of nobility, a point 
with which several writers of this period are con- 
cerned : 

How Gentilmen shall be knawyn from churlis ana 
how they first began. — Now for to devyde gentilmen from 
chorlis in haast it shall be preved. Ther was never 
gentilman nor churle ordenyd by kynde [nature] bot he 
had fadre and modre. Adam and Eve had nother fadre 



nor modre, and in the sonnys of Adam and Eve war 
founde bothe gentilman and churle. By the sonnys of 
Adam and Eve, Seth, Abell and Cayn, devyded was the 
royall blode fro the ungentill. A brother to sley his 
brother contrary to the law where myght be more un- 
gentelnes. By that did Cayn become a chorle and all 
his ofspryng after hym, by the cursyng of God and his 
owne fadre Adam. And Seth was made a gentilman 
thorow his fadres and moderis blissyng. And of the 
ofspryng of Seth Noe come a gentilman by kynde. 

From another section we may take these few 
lines, which tell us the vices which a gentleman 
must especially eschew : 

Ther be ix. vices contrary to gentilmen. — Ther ben 
ix. vices contrari to gentilmen, of the wicha v. ben in- 
determynable and iiii. determynable. The v. indetermyn- 
able ben theys : oon to be full of slowthe in his werris, 
an other to be full of boost in his manhode, the thride 
to be full of cowardnes to his enemy, the fourth to be full 
of lechri in his body, and the fifthe to be full of drynkyng 
and dronckunli. Ther be iiii. determynable : on is to 
revoke his own chalange, an other to sley his presoner 
with his own handis, the thride to voyde from his 
soueraygnes baner in the felde, and the fifthe to tell 
his soueraygne fals talys. 

Lastly, here is a passage with a pleasant refer- 
ence to King Arthur : 

Here begynnyth the blasyng of armys. — I haue she wyd 
to yow in thys book a-foore how gentilmen began, and 
how the law of armys was first ordant, and how moni 
colowris ther be in cootarmuris, and the difference of 
cootarmuris with mony other thynggis that here needis 
not to be rehersed. Now I intende to procede of signys 
in armys and of the blasyng of all armys. Bot for to 
reherce all the signys that be borne in armys, as Pecok, 
Pye, Batt, Dragon, Lyon and Dolfyn, and flowris and 
leevys, it war to longe a tariyng, ner I can not do hit : 
ther be so mony. Bot here shall shortli be shewyd to 
blase all armys if ye entende diligentli to youre rulys. 
And be cause the cros is the moost worthi signe emong 
al signys in armys : at the cros I will begynne, in the 
wich thys nobull and myghti prynce kyng Arthure hadde 



15 

grete trust, so that he lefte his armys that he bare of iii. 
Dragonys, and on that an other sheelde of iii. crownys, 
and toke to hys armys a crosse of silver in a feelde of 
verte [green], and on the right side an ymage of owre 
blessid lady with hir sone in hir arme. And with that 
signe of the cros he dyd mony maruelis after, as hit is 
writyn in the bookis of cronyclis of his dedys. 

Extracts like these may serve to explain the 
great popularity of the book, which gave just the 
information which a country gentleman would be 
most likely to prize, and at the same time was 
written in a tone sufficiently high to explain the 
readiness of a schoolmaster-printer to edit and 
publish it. But its main interest can hardly be 
called literary. 



' 18 1001 



1 COPY DEL. TO CAT, D1V. 
MOV. V 1901 

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




